AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC TERRITORY

AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC TERRITORY.

Shackleton Expedition at South Magnetic Pole, 1908-1909.
Members of the British Anctartic Expedition.
Stamp issued on 05.07.1961.
Face value: 5 Australian penny.
Design and engraving: Frank Davies Manley (1894-1976) and George Lissenden.
Printing: Recess.
Print: 46,455,000 copies.
Size: 24 x 29 mm.

Catalogs
- Brusden-White No. 3.
- Michel No. 6.
- Scott No. L6.
- Seven Seas Stamps No. 3.
- StampWorld No. 6.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 6.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 6.

In 1907 Irish explorer Ernest Shackleton led an expedition to Antarctica aboard the Nimrod. On October 5, 1908, his three companions depicted on the stamp, Edgeworth David, Alistair Mackay, and Douglas Mawson, set out a march that took them to the southernmost point ever trodden by human beings, the South Magnetic Pole, northwest of the Ross Island, which they reached on January 16, 1909. The trio had covered a distance of 2,030 km (1,260 mi) feeding on seals and penguins.

SOVIET UNION

 
SOVIET UNION / СОЮЗ СОВЕТСКИХ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСПУБЛИК.

Antarctic Drift of "Mikhail Somov".
Antarctica map.
Souvenir sheet issued on 10.10.1986.
Face value: 50 Soviet kopek.
Design: Aleksandr Kernosov.
Printing: Offset lithography.
Print: 800,000 copies.
Size: 70 x 90 mm.

Catalogs
- AFA No. 
- Michel No. BL189.
- Scott No. 5498.
- StampWorld No. 5445.
- Stanley Gibbons No. MS5695.
- Yvert et Tellier No. BF188.
- Zagorski No. BL192.

The “Mikhail Somov” (‘Михаил Сомов’) is a Research/Survey Vessel of 138 m (453 ft) length, built in 1975 in Kherson Shipyard (Ukraine, Soviet Union), now sailing under the flag of Russia. It is based in Arkhangelsk. On March 15, 1985, during the supply operations of the Soviet Russkaya Antarctic Station, the ship was trapped in the ice 120 km (394 mi) from the coast, and it did not get out of that situation until July 26. The stamp commemorates that fact.

NORWAY

NORWAY / NORGE - NOREG.

Tenth anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty & Roald Amundsen portrait.
Simplified map of the Antarctica.
Stamp issued on 23.06.1971.
Face value: 100 Norwegian øre.
Design: Knut Løkke-Sørensen (1931-2021).
Printed by Norges Banks Seddeltrykkeri, Oslo.
Printing: Recess.
Print: 2,050,000 copies.
Size: 36 x 24 mm.

Catalogs
- AFA No. 642.
- Michel No. 629.
- Norgeskatalogen No. 676.
- Scott No. 578.
- StampWorld No. 645.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 671.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 585.

The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System, regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica. It was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, setting aside the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation, and banning military activity; for the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961. The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (July 16, 1872 – June 18, 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. From 1903 to 1906, he led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest Passage on the sloop Gjøa. In 1909, Amundsen began planning for a South Pole expedition. He left Norway in June 1910 on the ship Fram and reached Antarctica in January 1911. On 12 May 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men in the airship Norge became the first explorers verified to have reached the North Pole. Amundsen disappeared in June 1928 while flying on a rescue mission for the airship Italia in the Arctic.

CHILE

CHILE.

International Geophysical Year 1957-1958.
Map of the Antarctic territory claimed by Chile.
Airmail. Second stamp in a set of 2, issued on 26.12.1958.
Face value: 50 Chilean pesos.
Printed by Casa de Moneda de Chile.
Printing: Recess.
Print: 3,000,000 copies.
Size: 30 x 33 mm.

Catalogs
- Michel No. 546,
- Scott No. C214.
- StampWorld No. 539.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 474.
- Yvert et Tellier No. PA 184.

On December 1, 1959, the twelve countries that had carried out scientific activities in and around Antarctica during the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year signed the Antarctic Treaty in Washington. The Treaty entered into force on June 23, 1961, and has been accepted by many other nations. The Treaty recognizes, among other things, the interest of all humankind that Antarctica continue to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord. The signatory countries were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The Chilean Antarctic Territory or Chilean Antarctica (Spanish: Territorio Chileno Antártico, Antártica Chilena) is the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile. It ranges from 53° West to 90° West and from the South Pole to the 60° South parallel, partially overlapping the Argentine and British Antarctic claims. It is administered by the Cabo de Hornos municipality in the South American mainland. The territory claimed by Chile covers the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, called O'Higgins Land (Tierra de O'Higgins in Spanish) in Chile, and adjacent islands, the Alexander Island, Charcot Island, and part of the Ellsworth Land, among others. It has an area of 1,250,257.6 km² (482,727.2 sq mi). Its boundaries are defined by a Decree issued on November 6, 1940, and published on June 21, 1955 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

SOVIET UNION

SOVIET UNION / СОЮЗ СОВЕТСКИХ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСПУБЛИК.

International Geophysical Year.
Map of the Antarctica, Polar Station and King Penguin.
Second stamp in a sef of 3. issued 18.08.1959.
Face value: 40 Soviet kopeks.
Design: I. Levin.
Printing: Photogravure.
Print: 2,500,000 copies.
Size: 30 x 42 mm.

Catalogs
- Michel No. 2260.
- Scott No. 2234.
- StampWorld No. 2049.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 2373.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 2216.
- Zagorski No. 2269.

On December 1, 1959, the twelve countries that had carried out scientific activities in and around Antarctica during the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year signed the Antarctic Treaty in Washington. The Treaty entered into force on June 23, 1961, and has been accepted by many other nations. The Treaty recognizes, among other things, the interest of all humankind that Antarctica continue to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord. The signatory countries were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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Thanks to Vairo Gregori for his contribution (https://ternifil.org/).

JAPAN

JAPAN / 日本.

Antarctic Expedition.
Map of Antactica, Aurora Australis and ship.
Stamp issued on 20.11.1965.
Face value: 10 Japanese yen.
Printing: Photogravure.
Print: 25,500,000 copies.
Size: 36 x 26 mm.

Catalogs
- Michel No. 905.
- Sakura No. C439.
- Scott No. 857.
- StampWorld No. 895.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 1017.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 819.

The first Japanese expedition to Antarctica took place in 1956, in the context of the International Geophysical Year research program implemented from July 1957 to December 1958. The one in 1965, which departed on November 20 aboard the observation ship Fuji, equipped with the most modern technology of the moment, was the seventh expedition. Since then, continuous monitoring observation programs have been used to obtain basic data and samples that are indispensable for academic research and are carried out over long periods, often as part of an international monitoring network.

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS /
TERRES AUSTRALES ET ANTARCTIQUES FRANÇAISES (TAAF).

Whale Island (Île de la Baleine).
Stamp issued on 01.01.2007.
Face value: 0.90 euro.
Design and engraving: Yves Beaujard (b. 1939).
Printing: Recess.
Size: 52 x 31 mm.

Catalogs
- Michel No. 607.
- Scott No. 380.
- StampWorld No. 612.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 578.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 455.

The Whale Island (Île de la Baleine) is an uninhabited island in the French archipelago of Kerguelen, in the southern Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of Australia Island, in the Gulf of Morbihan. Its shape evokes that of a whale (as seen in the stamp).

POLAND

POLAND / POLSKA.

25th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, 1961-1986.
Antarctica map and potrait of Henryk Arctowski.
First stamp in a set of 2, issued on 23.06.1986.
Face value: 40 złotych.
Design: Stefan Małecki (1924-2012).
Printing: Offset lithography.
Printed by PWPW (Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych), Warszawa.
Print: 3,519,000 copies.
Size: 40 x 27 mm.

Catalogues
- AFA No. 2923.
- Fischer No. 2886.
- Michel No. 3034.
- Scott No. 2734.
- StampWorld No. 3037.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 3048.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 2844.

On December 1, 1959, the twelve countries that had carried out scientific activities in and around Antarctica during the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year signed the Antarctic Treaty in Washington. The Treaty entered into force on June 23, 1961, and has been accepted by many other nations. The Treaty recognizes, among other things, the interest of all humankind that Antarctica continue to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord. The signatory countries were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Henryk Arctowski (Warsaw, July 15, 1871 - Bethesda, Maryland, United States, February 21, 1958), born Henryk Artzt, was a Polish scientist and explorer. He participated in the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache between 1897 and 1899, which was the first to winter on that continent. He lived in exile for much of his life, first in Belgium and later in the United States, and became an internationally renowned meteorologist. A Polish Antarctic station on King George Island is named after him, and every two years the Polish Academy of Sciences awards the Arctowski Medal (established by his widow) for studies of solar physics and of the relationships between the Sun and the Earth.

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Thanks to Kazimierz R. Leszczyński for his contribution (http://leszkarozdub.blogspot.com).

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS /
TERRES AUSTRALES ET ANTARCTIQUES FRANÇAISES (TAAF).

Geological map of the Kerguelen Islands.
Second stamp in a set of 2, issued on 01.01.1988.
Face value: 15.10 French francs.
Printing: Recess.

Catalogues
- Michel No. 243.
- Scott No. 141.
- StampWorld No. 243.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 235.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 139.

The Kerguelen Islands, also known as the Desolation Islands (in French, Îles de la Désolation), are a group of islands in the Antarctic constituting a large igneous plateau mostly submerged by the southern Indian Ocean, built by eruptions that made it emerge 35 million years ago. It is one of the most isolated places on Earth, more than 3,300 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Madagascar. The main island, Grande Terre, with 300 other smaller islands and islets, forming an archipelago of 7,215 km² (2,786 sq mi). Grande Terre has an area of 6,675 km² (2,577 sq mi) and  measures 150 km (93 mi) from east to west and 120 km (75 mi) from north to south; its highest point is Mont Ross, a stratovolcano of 1,850 m (6,070 ft). France maintains on the island the scientific base of Port-aux-Français and other smaller bases and observatories, and the permanent presence of between 45 and 100 soldiers, scientists, engineers and researchers.

The islands were officially discovered by Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec on February 12, 1772. Shortly thereafter the archipelago was regularly visited by whalers and hunters of seals and elephant seals, mostly British, American and Norwegian. From 1924 to 1955, France administered these territories as part of the colony of Madagascar, but as with all Antarctic territorial claims, France's possession is kept on hold until a new international treaty defining the rights of each claimant.

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS / 
TERRES AUSTRALES ET ANTARCTIQUES FRANÇAISES (TAAF).

Crozet Islands.
Map of the Island of Pigs (Île aux Cochons), in the Crozet Islands.
Airmail stamp issued on 01.01.1990.
Face value: 7.50 French francs.
Printing: Recess.

Catalogues
- Michel No. 265.
- Scott No. C109.
- StampWorld No. 265.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 265.
- Yvert et Tellier No. PA 110.

The uninhabited Island of Pigs (île aux Cochons) is the westernmost island of the subantarctic archipelago of the Crozet Islands, south-west of the Indian Ocean, and is part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. It is an eroded volcanic dome, with a coastline of low cliffs. Its area is 66.7 km² (25.75 sq mi), its length about 10 km (6 mi) and its maximum width, 9 km (6.5 mi). Its maximum height is Mont Richard-Foy, a potentially active stratovolcano, at 853 m (2,798 ft). The pigs introduced in 1820 to feed seal hunters and eventual castaways, who gave the island its name, have been eradicated. The island has been declared an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International as a breeding site for seabirds and, in particular, for its large populations of penguins (which have been drastically reduced since 1982), albatrosses wanderers and other zoological species, such as elephant seals. 

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS

FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS / 
TERRES AUSTRALES ET ANTARCTIQUES FRANÇAISES (TAAF).

Map of the East Island (île de l'Est), in the Crozet Islands.
Airmail stamp issued on 01.01.1996.
Face value: 20 French francs.
Design and engraving: Pierre Béquet (1932-2012).
Printing: Recess.
Size: 48 x 36 mm.

Catalogues
- Michel No. 349.
- Scott No. C136.
- StampWorld No. 350.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 357.
- Yvert et Tellier No. PA 137.

East Island (île de l’Est) is a part of the subantarctic archipelago of the Crozet Islands, south of the Indian Ocean, and is part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. It is the remainder of an ancient and powerful stratovolcano, heavily eroded by Quaternary glaciers that currently form valleys. With an area of ​​130 km² (50 sq mi) it is the second largest island of the group. It is the most mountainous in the archipelago, with a high point, Pic Marion-Dufresne, of 1,090 m (3,580 ft), and a rugged coastline of high cliffs: Lesquin's 1,012 m (3,320 ft) cliff is considered the highest in the world. There is no human infrastructure; it is only occasionally visited by researchers. The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International as a breeding site for seabirds. The Island was discovered on January 24, 1772 by the French expedition of Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne, who gave it the name île Aride. In the early 19th century it began to be frequented by British and New England seal hunters.

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED KINGDOM.

James Clark Ross (1800-1862), polar explorer.
First stamp in a set of 4, issued on 16.02.1972.
Facial value: 3 pence.
Printing: Phogravure and embossing.
Printed by Harrison and Sons, London.
Print: 53,630,000 copies.
Size: 30 x 41 mm.

Catalogues
- AFA No. 620.
- Michel No. 590.
- Scott No. 664.
- StampWorld No. 571.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 897.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 653.

Sir James Clark Ross (London, 15 April 1800 - Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, 3 April 1862) was a British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer known for his explorations of the Arctic, participating in two expeditions led by his uncle John Ross, and four led by William Parry, and, in particular, for his own Antarctic expedition from 1839 to 1843. In 1841 he discovered the Ross Sea, the land of Victoria and the volcanoes Mount Erebus and Mount Terror. The formerly known as the Victoria Barrier was renamed the Ross Barrier in his honor. In 1842 he explored the eastern side of James Ross Island and discovered and named the Snow Hill and Seymour Island. In 1847 he published his notes on the expedition under the title A Voyage of Discovery and Research to Southern and Antarctic Regions.

POLAND

POLAND / POLSKA.

25th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, 1961-1986.
Antarctica map and potrait of Antoni B. Dobrowolski.
First stamp in a set of 2, issued on 23.06.1986.
Face value: 5 złotych.
Design: Stefan Małecki (1924-2012).
Printing: Offset lithography.
Printed by PWPW (Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych), Warszawa.
Print: 5,076,000 copies.
Size: 40,5 x 27 mm.

Catalogues
- AFA No. 2922.
- Fischer No. 2885.
- Michel No. 3033.
- Scott No. 2733.
- StampWorld No. 3036.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 3047.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 2843.

On December 1, 1959, the twelve countries that had carried out scientific activities in and around Antarctica during the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year signed the Antarctic Treaty in Washington. The Treaty entered into force on June 23, 1961, and has been accepted by many other nations. The Treaty recognizes, among other things, the interest of all humankind that Antarctica continue to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord. The signatory countries were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski (Dworszowice Kościelne, June 6, 1872 - Warsaw, April 27, 1954) was a Polish geophysicist, meteorologist and explorer. While still a student of biology, physics and chemistry at the University of Liege (Belgium), he was part of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897-1899) as an assistant meteorologist. During World War I, he lived in Sweden and studied snow and ice formation there. After the war he returned to Poland and finished his treatise on ice and snow crystallography, Historia naturalna lodu (‘Natural History of Ice’), published in 1923. He was an active promoter of polar research in Poland. During the second International Polar Year (1932-1933), he provided assistance to the Polish expedition that wintered on Bear Island. He headed the organizing committee for the 1934 Polish expedition to Spitsbergen and also committed to the 1938 Polish expedition to the Oscar II Land. He gave his name to a research base in Antarctica, Dobrowolski Island, Dobrowolski Peak and Dobrowolski Glacier (the latter two on King George Island). 

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Thanks to Kazimierz R. Leszczyński for his contribution (http://leszkarozdub.blogspot.com).

PERU

PERU / PERÚ.

Presence of Peru in the Antarctica.
Simplified map of the Antarctica and Humboldt penguins.
Stamp issued on 20.12.1985.
Face value: 1500 Peruvian soles.
Printing: Offset lithograpgy.
Printed by Állami Nyomda, Budapest.

Catalogues
- Michel No. 1510.
- Scott No. 853.
- StampWorld No. 1295.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 1622.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 814.

The first Peruvian expedition in search of Antarctica, during the Spanish viceroyalty, was commanded by Álvaro de Mendaña, who left the port of Callao on November 20, 1567. However, it was the Portuguese Pedro Fernandes de Queirós who in 1606 took possession of the lands he found on the Antarctic continent. In more recent times, starting in 1961, at the initiative of the Peruvian Navy, several Peruvian sailors integrated expeditions to Antarctica. On April 10, 1981, Peru acceded to the Antarctic Treaty and made a reservation of its territorial rights, and on January 14, 1998 it also acceded to the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection. Since 1988, Peru has carried out annual scientific expeditions to Antarctica and maintains the Machu Picchu scientific research base, installed on King George Island, in the Admiralty Bay.

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Thanks to Edward Silva for his contribution. 

SOVIET UNION

SOVIET UNION / СОЮЗ СОВЕТСКИХ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСПУБЛИК.

Antarctic expeditions.
Map of the Antarctica and Emperor penguins.
Nineth stamp in a set of 12, issued on 22.12.1988.
Face value: 30 kopek.
Design: V. Koval.
Print: 6,500,000 copies.

Catalogues
- Michel No. 5902.
- StampWorld No. 5701.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 5948.

The first Soviet expedition to Antarctica left the Baltic port of Kaliningrad, on the Ob ship, on November 30, 1955 and lasted until 1957. 127 men participated in it led by the oceanographer and polar explorer Mikhail M. Somov (1908-1973). On February 13, 1956 they established the first Soviet base on the white continent, called Mirni, located on the coast of the Davis Sea, in the Land of Queen Mary belonging to the Australian Antarctic Territory. From then until 1991, when the USSR was dissolved, expeditions were conducted every year and other scientific bases were established.

AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC TERRITORY

AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC TERRITORY.

Mount Coates, in Victoria Land.
Fourth stamp in a set of 10, issued on 18.07.1984.
Face value: 30 cents of Australian dollar.
Design: Gary Emery.
Printing: Offset lithography.
Size: 26 x 38 mm.

Catalogues
- Michel No. 66.
- Scott No, 66. (?)
- Seven Seas Stamps No. 64.
- StampWorld No. 66.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 69. 
- Yvert et Tellier No. 65.

Mount Coates is an Antarctic peak, 2,060 m (6,760 ft) high, just east of the Borns Glacier in the Kukri Hills of Victoria Land (in an area claimed by New Zealand). It was named by the geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor, of the British Terra Nova expedition (1910-1913), in homage to his friend Harold Coates.

ARGENTINA

ARGENTINA.

Rocket launch from Argentine Antarctica.
Stylized map of the Antarctic territory claimed by Argentina, and "Centauro" rocket.
Airmail stamp issued on 19.02.1966.
Face value: 27.50 Argentine pesos.
Printed by Casa de Moneda, Buenos Aires.
Print: 1,000,000 copies.
Size: 40 x 35 mm.

Catalogues
- Michel No. 858. (?)
- Scott No. C105.
- StampWorld No. 923.
- Yvert et Tellier No. PA112.

Argentina claims the sector of Antarctica between meridians 74°W and 25°W, parallel 60°S and the south pole as one of its geographical regions and as an integral part of its territory (administratively, for Argentina the area is part of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and the South Atlantic Islands). This sector is partially overlapped, between the South Pole and the Antarctic peninsula (Tierra de San Martín in the official Argentine cartography), with the eastern area of the sector claimed by Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory) and totally with the sector claimed by the United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory). Argentine Antarctic claims are based on historical and geological considerations, of continued Argentine human presence since 1904, and of proximity to continental Argentina. The exercise of Argentine sovereignty over Argentine Antarctica becomes effective in all aspects that are not limited by the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. The estimated area of the so-called Argentine Antarctica is 1,461,597 km², of which 965,314 km² correspond to the mainland.

CHILE

CHILE.

10th Anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, 1961-1971.
Overprinted stamp of 1971, issued on 04.11.1982.
With an stylized map of the Antarctica.
Face value: 1 Chilean peso over 3.50 escudos.

Catalogues
- Chilecollector No. 1038.
- Scott No. 630.
- StampWorld No. 968.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 606.

On December 1, 1959, the twelve countries that had carried out scientific activities in and around Antarctica during the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year signed the Antarctic Treaty in Washington. The Treaty entered into force on June 23, 1961, and has been accepted by many other nations. The Treaty recognizes, among other things, the interest of all humankind that Antarctica continue to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord. The signatory countries were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA.

Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions.
Stylized map of Antarctica and the southern seas of the Earth.
Stamp issued on 17.11.1954.
Face value: 3.1/2 pence.
Design: Frank D. Manley.
Engraving: G. Lissenden.
Print: 64,635,960 copies.
Size: 30 x 29 mm.

Catalogues
- Scott No. 276.
- StampWorld No. 247.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 279.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 214.

The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) is the historical name for the Australian Antarctic Program (AAp) administered for Australia by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The name ANARE fell out of official use in the early 2000s. However current and former Australian Antarctic expeditioners continue to use the term informally as a means of identification with the long and continuous history of Australian expeditions to Antarctica. Australia has had a long involvement in south polar regions since as early as Douglas Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition in 1911. Further Australian exploration of the Antarctic continent was conducted during the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE), which was conducted over the years 1929-1931. The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions were established in 1947 with expeditions to Macquarie Island and Heard Island. In 1948 the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) was established to administer the expedition program.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

CZECHOSLOVAKIA / ČESKOSLOVENSKO.

30th Anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty.
Antarctica map.
Stamp issued on 20.05.1991.
Face value: 8 Czechoslovakian koruna.
Design: I. Schurmann.
Engraving: M. Ondráček.
Print: 19,990,000 copies.

Catalogues
- Scott No. 2827.
- StampWorld No. 3083.
- Stanley Gibbons No. 3061.
- Yvert et Tellier No. 3086.

On December 1, 1959, the twelve countries that had carried out scientific activities in and around Antarctica during the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year signed the Antarctic Treaty in Washington. The Treaty entered into force on June 23, 1961, and has been accepted by many other nations. The Treaty recognizes, among other things, the interest of all humankind that Antarctica continue to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord. The signatory countries were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.